2016 January

Smart Manufacturing

The Internet of Things: Power at your fingertips

The technology connecting people, machines, suppliers and processors is rapidly changing the manufacturing industry.

Debra Schug

January 20, 2016

The concepts and technologies encompassed by the term “Internet of Things” are rapidly changing the world.

Tech Update: Collaborative Robots

Tech update: Don't fence them in

Some robots find new freedom as they become aware of their surroundings and act accordingly.

Wayne Labs

January 13, 2016

For good reasons, robots have been kept behind safety fences as they perform jobs that are potentially dangerous and back-breaking to humans.

Food Safety

Preventing food fraud

The economically motivated adulteration of food is an elusive, criminal act with the potential to cause public health issues, brand damage and monetary losses.

Debra Schug

January 25, 2016

Since the 2008 recession, companies and global organizations have reported an uptick in food fraud, spurring initiatives to address the growing concern about it.

Heat and Control fryer with external support module

Protein Processing

Solving meaty challenges

Protein processors can have trouble meeting production demands, if they’re working with out-of-date manufacturing spaces and equipment.

Wayne Labs

January 6, 2016

While many protein processors need to speed up their operations, there are many stumbling blocks thwarting their efforts.

Editor's Note

Gaining greater plant manufacturing competency

Joyce Fassl

January 19, 2016

One of the major themes of this month’s issue of Food Engineering is smarter manufacturing, which can be achieved by utilizing the Internet of Things, preventing food fraud and enlisting the help of collaborative robots.

People & Industry News

People and Industry News: January 2016

January 12, 2016

Announcements about new hires, staff promotions, association news, awards, mergers and acquisitions.

Plant Openings

Plant Openings: January 2016

January 22, 2016

Announcements about new food and beverage plant construction projects, plant renovations and plant expansions.

Engineering R&D

Helping machines see more clearly

Machine vision systems work amazingly well, but high-speed cameras, along with intelligent lighting and enhanced software algorithms, make their sight even better.

Wayne Labs

January 25, 2016

When you pick up a plastic-wrapped package in a grocery store and can’t read everything on the label because of a reflection or crease, you probably turn or tilt the package until the lighting is just right. If only it were that easy for machine vision systems.

Field Reports

A new way to clean revolutionizes a French fry plant

Ultrasonic cleaning technology helps a Canadian frozen foods processor save on production costs.

January 7, 2016

To produce frozen French fries, Cavendish Farms uses intricate machinery that requires regular cleaning and maintenance to decrease downtime and increase efficiency.

Regulatory Watch

Bill renewal eases burden on dairy industry

January 15, 2016

President Obama signed a renewal of the $305 billion National Highway Bill just hours before it was set to expire.

Field Reports

High-tech hydration makes a traditional drink even better

An African beverage manufacturer uses steam infusion to hydrate maize flour and grains.

January 21, 2016

Trade Kings, an African beverage manufacturer based in Zambia, wanted to resume the production of “maheu,” a drink made from maize.

Field Reports

Brewing up success

Upgrading a wastewater treatment plant boosts not only environmental standards but production output as well.

January 14, 2016

Founded in 1937, Compañia Cervecera de Puerto Rico is the largest beer brewery on the island.

Field Reports

Rolling in the dough

A new IQF freezer leads to gains in productivity for a frozen foods processor.

January 28, 2016

Since the mid-‘60s, family-owned, Lincoln Park, MI-based Pierino Frozen Foods, Inc. has built its reputation on quality.

Food Safety

Are you doing all you can to keep glass out of your products?

Food processors must develop and maintain a program to manage glass and brittle plastic in their plants.

Richard F. Stier

January 11, 2016

Any food product with glass in it is, of course, deemed to be adulterated.

Food Packaging

Quenching on-the-go thirst

Debra Schug

January 19, 2016

Tetra Pak’s new packaging option is targeting today’s on-the-go consumers.

Food Packaging

Lightweight champ

Debra Schug

January 12, 2016

Amcor Rigid Plastics has been named the winner in the beverage/nonalcoholic category of the AmeriStar Package Awards Competition, sponsored by the Institute of Packaging Professionals (IoPP).

Regulatory Watch

Two guidances issued for ingredients from GE or non-GE sources

January 8, 2016

FDA’s approval of AquaBounty Technologies’ application for AquAdvantage Salmon, an Atlantic salmon that reaches market size more quickly than non-genetically engineered (GE) fish, brought cheers from food industry groups.

Manufacturing News

Two E. coli outbreaks in the last quarter of 2015

January 18, 2016

Two recent E. coli outbreaks occurred at the end of the year.

Food Packaging

Addressing safety concerns

With more demand for safe food and beverage packaging, new innovations for consumer packaged goods could soon enter the marketplace.

Debra Schug

January 5, 2016

The growth of the consumer wellness movement and demand for healthy foods has resulted in companies like Kraft and Nestlé eliminating the artificial ingredients in their products.

Technology Sourcebook

Operations software

January 8, 2016

Schneider Wonderware Office Bundle software streamlines the access to and interpretation of operations data.

Technology Sourcebook

Compact balances

January 22, 2016

With larger-than-average weighing pans, METTLER TOLEDO compact, battery-operated ML-T balances can be used in nearly any analytical or manufacturing environment.

Technology Sourcebook

Lever-actuated sensor valve

January 22, 2016

The Camozzi Pneumatics Series 3 lever-actuated sensor valve is used as a limit switch in applications where low actuation forces and high-flow rates are required.

Technology Sourcebook

Non-contact radar sensor

January 22, 2016

Used for the continuous level measurement of bulk solids, the VEGAPULS 69 non-contact radar sensor has a measuring range up to 394 ft., an accuracy of +/-5mm and a dynamic range of 120dB.

Technology Sourcebook

Gearbox

January 21, 2016

A stainless steel inline planetary unit, the STOBER PSS gearbox handles ratios from 4 to 100:1 and is adaptable to a number of NEMA C-frame motors.

Technology Sourcebook

Pneumatic dosing unit

January 21, 2016

Providing fluid dosing accuracy independent of temperature, the Burkert pneumatic dosing unit offers defined volumes with a repeatability up to +/-2%.

Technology Sourcebook

All-in-one PLC

January 21, 2016

The Unitronics Vision700 all-in-one PLC offers a range of I/O configurations including digital, high-speed and analog I/Os, as well as PT100/thermocouple and weight/pressure measurement.

Technology Sourcebook

Laser distance sensor

January 20, 2016

The Banner Q4X clear object laser distance sensor combines window thresholds on target distance and target reflected intensity to detect transparent and challenging objects, regardless of the angle or shape.

Technology Sourcebook

Embedded controller

January 20, 2016

The Delta Tau Power PMAC embedded controller coordinates delta robot movements with ancillary motion and vision systems.

Technology Sourcebook

Beverage transfer hose

January 20, 2016

Engineered for wineries, breweries and milk processing facilities, ContiTech Velocity BT clear beverage transfer hose allows personnel to see liquid transfer in motion.

Technology Sourcebook

Simulation software

January 20, 2016

MYNAH Mimic simulation software v3.6.1 for plant operations lifecycle results offers 2 IO drivers that allow seamless integration with Rockwell Automation RSLogix5000 Emulate and Siemens TI 5xx PLC.

Technology Sourcebook

FDA-approved papers

January 20, 2016

Coated with a variety of waxes or wax blends, PPI FDA-approved papers are used in the meat, dairy, bakery, deli, snack and grocery industries.

Technology Sourcebook

Stepper motors

January 19, 2016

Kollmorgen PMX series stepper motors come in 08, 11, 14, 17, 23 and 34 frame sizes.

Technology Sourcebook

Candy wrapping machine

January 19, 2016

The Theegarten-Pactec MCH continuous-motion, twin-headed wrapping machine helps confectionery manufacturers respond to seasonal market requirements.

Technology Sourcebook

Twin screw pump

January 19, 2016

Providing pulsation-free operation, the ITT Bornemann SLH-4G hygienic twin screw pump is intended for sensitive food and beverage processes.

Technology Sourcebook

Energy/Water saving system

January 19, 2016

The Allpax energy and water saving system for retort rooms captures steam in a vented tank, where it condenses into hot water that can be used to supplement the hot water in lavatories and cleaning stations or run through heat exchangers for food applications or other processes.

Technology Sourcebook

Friction feeder

January 19, 2016

The MGS Machine Pulse 1-lane, servo-driven friction feeder achieves speeds of up to 300 products/min.

Technology Sourcebook

Ultrasound inspection system

January 19, 2016

The PTI Seal-Scan 520 airborne ultrasound inspection system inspects and evaluates flexible package seals of all material types; it detects defects such as incomplete seals, partial seals, weak seals, channel defects, misaligned seals and seal delamination.

Technology Sourcebook

Sanitary conveyors

January 19, 2016

Engineered to handle raw, bulk and packaged food products, Nercon sanitary conveyors are constructed of washdown stainless steel; they feature a sanitary welded design that minimizes flat surfaces and incorporates solid, round components.

Technology Sourcebook

HEPA filters

January 18, 2016

Offering 99.999% filtration efficiency on 0.5 micron and larger particles by weight, Tri-Mer Tri-Flow compact HEPA filters combine a large surface area with a small envelope for food processing applications.

Technology Sourcebook

DC current transducer

January 18, 2016

The NK Technologies DT Series DC current transducer features ambient temperature compensation and a microprocessor-based method of signal conditioning; sensor output is automatically adjusted as the temperature changes.

Technology Sourcebook

Gable-top case packer

January 18, 2016

The Schneider gable-top stainless steel case packer can change out from a 2-pack convenience case to 3-, 4-, 6- and 8-pack cases.

Technology Sourcebook

Handheld barcode terminals

January 18, 2016

DENSO ADC GT20 handheld barcode terminals capture data even when the codes are dirty or blurred.

Technology Sourcebook

Frequency calibrator

January 18, 2016

A tool for testing and diagnosing frequency devices, the Saelig PIE 541 frequency calibrator with totalizer offers an accuracy of +/-0.005% of range.

Technology Sourcebook

Data loggers

January 18, 2016

Used in manufacturing and processing applications, Tinytag waterproof, dustproof data loggers monitor conditions including temperature, relative humidity, power usage, CO2, voltage, current and count.

Technology Sourcebook

Closed-loop stepper motor

January 15, 2016

An off-the-shelf product, the HS Motion Group closed-loop integrated stepper motor has a magnetic 12 bit absolute encoder and an update rate of 16 kHz for positioning and torque utilization at any speed.

Technology Sourcebook

Tray cable

January 15, 2016

UL TC-ER and CSA CIC rated, the Lapp OLFLEX TRAY VTC multi-conductor tray cable has an unshielded construction that includes finely stranded bare copper conductors, PVC insulation and a PVC black jacket.

Technology Sourcebook

Clean steam generator

January 15, 2016

A skid-mounted system, the Spirax Sarco CSM-C 600 compact clean steam generator provides dry, saturated steam that meets the requirements of HTM2031, HTM2010 and EN285 standards.

Technology Sourcebook

Air handling unit

January 15, 2016

Suitable for use in new and existing factory floor air nozzle and air gun applications, the Parker Hannifin Air Saver unit generates a rapid pulse of air; the pulsed air dries items or removes debris.

Technology Sourcebook

Shaft accessories

January 15, 2016

Built for high-pressure food processing and packaging washdown applications, Boston Gear set screw-locking 3-bolt flange brackets and wide-slot take-up units come in a range of bore sizes; all the models feature cast 304 stainless steel housings, 440C stainless steel inserts and NSF H1 food-grade grease.

Technology Sourcebook

Tilt sensor

January 15, 2016

Offering an integrated CANopen output with J1939 protocol according to ISO 11898, the elobau N5 tilt sensor is protected to IP67 and operates within a -40°C to 85°C temperature range.

Technology Sourcebook

Composite pallet

January 15, 2016

Available in all standard industry sizes, the RM2 BLOCKPal composite pallet is reusable, nonporous and rackable.

Technology Sourcebook

Magnetic cylinder sensor

January 14, 2016

Providing contactless sensing of a piston’s position in a compact pneumatic cylinder, the SICK MZT7 magnetic cylinder sensor can be mounted directly into any cylinder with standard T-slots.

Technology Sourcebook

Stack mixer

January 14, 2016

The NORD stack mixer consists of a standard hollow-bore reducer as the top drive and a larger hollow-bore reducer as the bottom drive.

Technology Sourcebook

Shield clamping saddles

January 14, 2016

WAGO 790 shield clamping saddles come with a latching mechanism; force-free installation is achieved via a spring that can be latched open while positioned over the conductor and the busbar.

Technology Sourcebook

Storage/Retrieval system

January 14, 2016

Built for large primary food processors, the Milmeq MFAST robotic storage and retrieval system sorts and prioritizes cartons of perishable chilled or frozen products as they enter the storage enclosure.

Technology Sourcebook

Food refrigeration systems

January 14, 2016

M&M Refrigeration custom-designed CO₂ cascade food refrigeration systems limit ammonia to the engine room; only natural, nontoxic CO₂ is present in working, processing and storage areas.

Technology Sourcebook

Vibratory feeders

January 13, 2016

Providing travel speeds up to 80 ft./min., Eriez Model HD high-deflection vibratory feeders handle difficult-to-feed materials such as fine powders, leafy products and sticky candies.

Technology Sourcebook

Split plummer blocks

January 13, 2016

Cut To Size Plastics split plummer blocks can be machined from polyurethane and other engineering-grade plastics for material handling applications involving machinery with multiple bearings and shafts inline.

Technology Sourcebook

Semiautomatic wrappers

January 13, 2016

Orion Flex semiautomatic stretch wrappers have a control package that includes remote monitoring, built-in diagnostics and an onboard PLC with USB connectivity.

Technology Sourcebook

Sanitary mixer

January 13, 2016

Able to accommodate volumes up to 60,000 gal., the Admix RotoMAXX II all-stainless steel, low-speed sanitary mixer features a right angle, helical bevel gearbox.

Technology Sourcebook

Electric gear pumps

January 13, 2016

Clark Solutions UP2 self-priming electric gear pumps come in 12 and 24VDC versions with flow rates to 2.6 gpm for water and 52.9 gph for oil.

Technology Sourcebook

Valve and controller

January 13, 2016

The Nordson EFD PICO Pµlse valve and Toµch controller dispense repeatable, continuous micro-deposits as small as 0.5nL at up to 500Hz, with 1,500Hz maximum bursts.

Technology Sourcebook

Freezer monitor

January 13, 2016

Providing 24/7 remote monitoring of environmental conditions and unattended commercial food freezers and refrigerators, the Sensaphone 1800 monitoring system detects problems such as temperature changes, humidity fluctuations, water leaks, power failure, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide levels and smoke.

Technology Sourcebook

Sealing temperature controller

January 12, 2016

The West MAXVU package-sealing temperature controller has a startup configuration menu that shows only the most vital parameters including sensor types, units, outputs, alarms and set point values.

Technology Sourcebook

Universal drive

January 12, 2016

Offering 1kW of peak power, the TECHNOSOFT iPOS4808 MY-CAT-STO universal drive has an integrated motion controller.

Technology Sourcebook

Mezzanine safety gate

January 12, 2016

Customizable to accommodate various configurations, the Benko Protect-O-Gate pivot gate eliminates the potential for accidents associated with mezzanine loading areas.

Technology Sourcebook

Pressure controller/calibrator

January 12, 2016

Featuring low differential pressure to 20 MPa (3,000 psi), the Fluke 6270A modular pressure controller/calibrator offers 0.02% full scale or 0.01% reading accuracy.

Technology Sourcebook

Synthetic grease

January 12, 2016

NSF H1 registered for incidental food contact, Lubrication Engineers H1 Quincal Syn FG food-grade synthetic grease is engineered for food manufacturing applications where high temperatures, heavy loads and water are present.

Technology Sourcebook

Oxygen permeation analyzer

January 12, 2016

The MOCON OX-TRAN Model 2/22 L oxygen permeation analyzer measures the oxygen transfer rate for a range of high-barrier materials and packages.

Technology Sourcebook

Linear motors

January 11, 2016

Moticont hollow-core, voice-coil linear motors have 0.125- to 2-in apertures; the hollow core allows optics, illumination, laser beams or cables to pass through the motor.

Technology Sourcebook

Integrated stepper motors

January 11, 2016

Available in 3 models with rated torques of 1.1 Nm, 1.6 Nm and 2.5 Nm, JVL MIS23 QuickStep integrated stepper motors are supplied with M12 connectors.

Technology Sourcebook

Operations management software

January 11, 2016

Honeywell DynAMo alarm and operations management vendor-neutral software works with any control system; it provides a unified platform for all operations integrity functions.

Technology Sourcebook

Flat wire conveyor belt

January 11, 2016

Available in standard and heavy-duty versions, the Cambridge PacLite flat wire conveyor belt has interlocking links; variable openings make it suitable for multiple segments of the food processing industry.

Technology Sourcebook

Orbital stretch wrapper

January 11, 2016

The Muller Yellow Jacket orbital stretch wrapper secures oversized and/or oddly shaped palletized loads while the pallet remains on the forklift.

Technology Sourcebook

Software package

January 11, 2016

The Motoman MotoPick software package enables the development of machine vision-based, high-speed picking solutions.

Technology Sourcebook

Conductivity transmitter

January 8, 2016

The Endress+Hauser Smartec CLD18 toroidal conductivity transmitter has a food-safe PEEK toroidal sensor, potted electronics and a NEMA Type 6P/IP69K stainless steel or plastic housing that withstands clean-in-place operations.

Technology Sourcebook

Weighing assembly

January 8, 2016

Composed of a load cell and mounting hardware, the Fairbanks Omnicell weighing assembly is placed under an existing tank, bin or hopper containing liquid or dry material to transform the vessel into a scale.

Technology Sourcebook

Bottle filling system

January 8, 2016

The Hinds-Bock 36RBI rotary bottle filling system allows a single operator to fill, cap, label and pack off a range of containers.

Technology Sourcebook

Air knives

January 8, 2016

EXAIR stainless steel Long Super air knives come in lengths up to 108 in.

Technology Sourcebook

Odor control system

January 8, 2016

Engineered to manage outdoor odor vapor from food processing plants that experience cold weather, the DCT OdorBoss 60G odor control system combines an enclosure with insulation, heat tracing and internal heat generation to protect it during operation and storage in freezing conditions.

Technology Sourcebook

Barrel emptying systems

January 4, 2016

NETZSCH barrel emptying systems are based on a progressing cavity pump with a volume accuracy of +/-1%, within which a helix rotor rotates in a reverse-helix stator housing.

Technology Sourcebook

Telemetry sensor system

January 8, 2016

Used for multiple data acquisition in real time, the Mantracourt T24 wireless telemetry sensor system is available with a range of transmitters, interfaces, displays and output modules that can be configured to suit individual applications.

Technology Sourcebook

Programmable relay

January 7, 2016

Built for small to medium-sized OEM machine control and other applications, the IDEC FL1F SmartRelay programmable relay has a CPU module with 8 discrete inputs, 4 discrete outputs and 6 types of I/O expansion modules.

Technology Sourcebook

Slotless BLDC motor

January 7, 2016

Engineered for high-speed applications such as drills and grinders, the Nanotec slotless DS16 BLDC motor has a stator that consists of ring-shaped plates with a flat winding on the inside for low inductance.

Technology Sourcebook

Liquid level transmitter

January 7, 2016

The MTS Systems model MG level transmitter is used in liquid terminal applications to measure product level, interface level and an average product temperature.

Technology Sourcebook

EPDM material

January 7, 2016

Formulated to meet the food contact requirements of European Commission framework regulation EC1935/2004, MRP Qmonix 558EC EPDM material also meets all the requirements of FDA CFR21.

Technology Sourcebook

Submersible level transmitter

January 7, 2016

The GP:50 Model 311-M351 all-stainless steel submersible level transmitter comes in standard ranges from 0 to 10 through 0 to 1,100 ft.

Technology Sourcebook

Slicing system

January 7, 2016

Equipped with a circular knife system, the Weber 405 slicing system slices and portions products with widths up to 330mm and a maximum length of 1,200mm.

Technology Sourcebook

High-shear mixers

January 7, 2016

Built for general purpose mixing, powder wet-out, deagglomeration, dispersion, emulsification and homogenization, Ross batch high-shear mixers feature a 4-blade rotor running within a close-tolerance stator at tip speeds up to 3,000 to 4,000 ft./min.

Technology Sourcebook

4-Directional truck

January 7, 2016

The Raymond Model 7310 4-D Reach-Fork truck with a 4-directional travel capability handles bulky loads wider than the common pallet.

Technology Sourcebook

Vision systems

January 6, 2016

Cognex In-Sight 2000 series units combine a vision system with a vision sensor for solving simple error-proofing applications.

Technology Sourcebook

Pressure transducers

January 6, 2016

Recognized under the UL Component Recognition program, Ashcroft T2, G2 and G3 pressure transducers operate in extreme environments.

Technology Sourcebook

Sampling pressure tester

January 6, 2016

The Agr SPT2 sampling pressure tester tests up to 270 bottles/hr.; it employs a 2-station design with concurrent volume measurement and pressure testing operations.

Technology Sourcebook

Inspection software

January 6, 2016

Sesotec multi-product software for RAYCON X-ray systems automatically detects which product is passing through the scanner and selects a predefined parameter set.

Technology Sourcebook

Multi-axis servo system

January 6, 2016

Featuring a highly modular design, the Beckhoff AX8000 multi-axis servo system includes a variety of power supply modules, single- and dual-axis modules, and a capacitor module.

Technology Sourcebook

Aluminum rulers

January 6, 2016

RoHS compliant, Winco GN 711.2 aluminum rulers with 3.3mm mounting holes come in 6 horizontal or vertical configurations.

Technology Sourcebook

LED light tower

January 6, 2016

The Larson WALTP-CU16-4X150W-LED portable quadpod light tower produces 59,610 lumens of light from four 150W LED light heads.

Technology Sourcebook

Programmable temperature controller

January 6, 2016

Built for applications with limited panel space and multiple zones to control, the Omron 22.5mm-wide, in-panel E5DC programmable temperature controller has a 2-piece design that allows it to be mounted directly into a terminal block.

Technology Sourcebook

Ultrasonic level transmitter

January 5, 2016

Incorporating a sensor and electronics, the Siemens Sitrans LU150 non-contacting ultrasonic level transmitter has a range up to 16 ft. and is used for the continuous level measurement of liquids and slurries in open or closed vessels.

Technology Sourcebook

Metering pumps

January 5, 2016

Wanner Model P200 Hydra-Cell metering pumps feature gearbox reducers with ratios from 60:1 to 5:1.

Technology Sourcebook

Metal detector system

January 5, 2016

The CEIA THS/RB-800 system includes a CEIA THS/SL21 series Slim-Line metal detector, round belt conveyor, an optional conveyor speed-sensing encoder and operating controls, preassembled on a sanitary support frame.

Technology Sourcebook

Programmable transmitter

January 5, 2016

The Boekel Scientific Open Source Bio programmable transmitter measures and controls conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen and temperature.

Technology Sourcebook

Level transmitter and sensor

January 5, 2016

The GF Piping Systems 2260 ultrasonic level transmitter and 2270 ultrasonic level sensor provide measurement and detection for nearly all types of liquids and vessels, from closed tank systems to open basins; they are suitable for a variety of water treatment, chemical processing and ultrapure water applications.

Technology Sourcebook

Elbow flow conditioner

January 5, 2016

The Vortab elbow flow conditioner provides a mixing action that isolates flow irregularities and conditions the flow stream into a swirl-free, symmetrical velocity profile.

Technology Sourcebook

Bolted-construction conveyors

January 4, 2016

Multi-Conveyor stainless steel, bolted-construction conveyors transport flexible bags for seamless line integration.

Technology Sourcebook

Spiral membranes

January 4, 2016

Alfa Laval PP spiral membranes can be used for products with a range of viscosities, including high-viscosity products that can be difficult to process. With the membranes, the separation process is carried out solely on the basis of molecular size, making the use of additives unnecessary.

Technology Sourcebook

Walkie reach truck

January 4, 2016

Featuring a 3,000-lb. load capacity, the Big Joe AC-powered PDSR walkie reach truck is available with lift heights up to 157 in. It features power steering, side shift, integral tilt and proportional controls for lift, lower, extend and retract functions.

Technology Sourcebook

Dual-channel data loggers

January 4, 2016

Omega OM-CP-HITEMP140X2-FP dual-channel, stainless steel data loggers feature 2 remote flexible probes that measure up to 662°F with an accuracy of +/-0.18°F.

On Demand Kelley Rodriguez, Editor in Chief of Refrigerated & Frozen Foods, will be joined in this 60-minute webinar by industry experts to help unpack the latest research.

On Demand Driven by climate goals, business risk, client interest, and resilience considerations, food and beverage companies are increasingly turning their attention to decarbonizing their production processes.